5th century BC. A bronze helmet of Chalcidian type 2 variant, the crown with carinated perimeter, deep crescentic cheekpieces with small rings for attaching the chin strap, attachment hole on rear edge of cheekpiece for fastening the lining, small nose guard with moulded band around the edge, decorative eyebrow line in relief. See Furtwängler, A., Curtius, E, and Adler, F., Olympia: die Ergebnisse der von dem Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabung (Tafelband 4): Die Bronzen und die übrigen kleineren Funde von Olympia, Berlin, 1890; Pflug, H., 'Chalkidische Helme' in Antike Helme, RGZM Monographien 14, Mainz, 1988, pp.137-150; Christie's, The Axel Guttmann Collection of Ancient Arms and Armour, part 1, London, 2002; Christie's, The Axel Guttmann Collection of Ancient Arms and Armour, part 2, London, 2004; ????????? ?. ?., '????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????' (Sarmatian Age Helmets from Eastern Europe), in Stratum Plus, n. 4, 2014, pp.249-284; similar helmets in the British Museum (from Mikrokaraburun, Macedonia, see Pflug, 1988, p.140), Olympia (inv. Nr. Misc. 6385, see Furtwangler, 1890, 170 nr. 1026 pl.63) and in the Guttmann collection (Christie's, 2002, pp.62-63).793 grams, 24cm (9 1/2"). Formerly in the private collection of Mr M B., Mainz, Germany, since the 1990s; ex Axel Guttmann collection; accompanied by an expertise by military specialist Dr Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no. 10298-168781. Representations of the type 2 Chalcidian helmets are found on Attic pottery as early as the 5th century BC. A beautiful example is the Attic red-figure kylix attributed to the Foundry painter, dated 495 BC (Christie's, 2002, p.62), which confirms the use of these helmets during the Persian Wars (490-479 BC) and that this typology of Hellenic helmets was fitted with a crest.